A new study claims that fertilizer has not been the root cause of the Indian River Lagoon’s nutrient pollution — it has been septic systems’ sewage, according to a press release by Florida Atlantic University (FAU).
From recurring harmful algal blooms to catastrophic seagrass losses, fish kills and marine mammal deaths, the Indian River Lagoon is environmentally distressed. For decades, water managers, policy makers and environmental activists have implicated fertilizer use as the primary contributing source responsible for about 71% of these impairments in the lagoon.
Excess nutrient inputs, particularly nitrogen, often result in increased harmful algal blooms, seagrass die-offs and fish kills. Policymakers hoped that water quality would improve by reducing the nitrogen load.
Consequently, the state has seen fertilizer restrictions implemented in counties and municipalities along the 156-mile-long Indian River Lagoon on Florida’s Atlantic coast. The restrictions aimed to reduce nutrient inputs from urban and agricultural land uses to achieve total maximum daily loads for the lagoon.
However, the new study suggests that septic systems’ sewage — not fertilizer runoff — is responsible for the majority of nitrogen loading in the lagoon.
Findings of the study, published in the journal Marine Pollution Bulletin, show recent estimates for residential fertilizer contributions to the Indian River Lagoon are much lower than the originally defined contribution of 71%.
In fact, current nitrogen loading estimates represent a 21% contribution from residential fertilizers compared to 79% from septic systems. These loading estimates are similar to those reported in other septic system-impacted urbanized estuaries.
Following five years of mandatory wet season fertilizer blackouts along the lagoon, researchers discovered water quality and harmful algal blooms have worsened in the northern Indian River Lagoon and Banana River.
To assess the effectiveness of these fertilizer bans, researchers collected seawater and macroalgal samples at 20 sites “pre” and about five-years “post” bans. They tested by comparing dissolved seawater nutrient concentrations and tissue nutrient and isotope data of brown tides and macroalgae. Gathering evidence from stable nitrogen isotope values enabled researchers to discriminate between sewage, rainfall and fertilizer, providing a unique “fingerprint” of the samples they collected.
“Our comparative pre- versus post-ban nutrient data indicate that the wet season fertilizer blackouts were not as effective as hoped,” said Brian Lapointe, Ph.D., senior author and a research professor at FAU Harbor Branch. “Our findings also suggest that the increasing concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus observed in some segments of the lagoon following five years of fertilizer bans would support the worsening trend of algal blooms.”
Researchers analyzed a total of 450 macroalgae samples, including 211 that were collected pre-ban and 239 collected post-ban. During the wet season, 217 macroalgae samples were collected, while 233 were collected during the dry season. They examined if there was an associated decrease in dissolved ambient nutrients or a change in the tissue nutrient and/or stable isotope values of phytoplankton or macroalgae that would suggest a shift in the available nutrients and stoichiometry fueling eutrophication in the lagoon.
“The deteriorating conditions in the Indian River Lagoon demonstrate the urgent need for more comprehensive mitigation actions as fertilizer ordinances are not likely to be a standalone solution,” said Rachel Brewton, corresponding author and a research scientist at FAU Harbor Branch. “Our data indicate a primary role of human waste influence in the lagoon, which suggests that current management actions have been insufficient at mitigating environmental pollution.”
The significantly higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the brown tide in 2012 compared to 2016 indicates greater nitrogen enrichment post-fertilizer bans. The highest stable nitrogen isotope values occurred in the Banana River during the 2016 brown tide and closely matched values for partially treated wastewater, which would be expected in this highly urbanized area with aging wastewater collection systems and secondary treatment without nitrogen removal.
Researchers observed similarly high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in the Banana River in the wet season, illustrating how small-celled brown tides can sustain blooms by scavenging nutrients at low concentrations and skewed nitrogen-to-phosphorus. These results underscore the conclusions that phosphorus limitation plays a key role in the dynamics of brown tides, especially relating to bloom decline.
“The initial overestimation of nitrogen contributions from residential fertilizer applications led to broad public support and the passage of numerous fertilizer ordinances along the Indian River Lagoon during our study period,” said Lapointe. “Now, it would be prudent to prioritize reducing human waste nutrient inputs into the lagoon, prior to mitigating the impacts of internal nutrient sources, when possible.”
