Experimental water releases from Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River above Grand Canyon National Park have received environmental clearances and are now set to begin January 1, 2003. The flows were analyzed in an Environmental Assessment in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and were found to pose no significant environmental effects.
Three federal agencies including the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), the National Park Service (NPS), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) jointly prepared the study and have signed the implementing document called a Finding of No Significant Impact. The proposed flows are the result of ongoing studies by scientists from USGS and were recommended by the Adaptive Management Work Group, a federal advisory committee. The experiment is intended to test methods for protecting the ecosystem downstream of the dam.
There are two aspects to the proposed experiment. The first relates to sediment conservation in Grand Canyon. Scientists propose using high flow tests to move sediment to rebuild beaches and sand bars. Unlike the experiment of March and April of 1996, these flows would be timed to make use of sand and sediment that enters the Colorado River from tributary flows of the Paria River. Seasonal monsoon storms provide an average of one million tons of sediment a year to the Colorado River from the Paria River. High flow tests would be timed to make use of this introduced sediment. In this sense, high flows are a vital part of the experiment.
The 1996 test flows were designed to attempt to mobilize sediment in deep pools in the river bottom to achieve the same result. Studies by USGS scientists over the past six years demonstrated that while high flows work to rebuild beaches and sand bars, the 1996 experiment scoured the upper reaches of the canyon to rebuild beaches further downstream. By timing the high flow test to correlate with sediment inputs from the Paria River, which is about 16 miles downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, the sediment supply for rebuilding beaches would be increased.
The past drought year failed to produce sufficiently sized monsoon storms to enable a high flow test in 2003. That portion of the experimental program will carry over into 2004.
The second aspect of the experiment relates to endangered fish species. Scientists have recognized that the humpback chub population has been in a general decline since highly fluctuating flows were curtailed in November of 1991. Those flows helped keep the non-native fish---especially the rainbow and brown trout---in check. The trout are thought to prey upon, and compete with native fish such as the endangered humpback chub.
To address those concerns, the experimental flow proposal includes high fluctuating flows starting in January 2003 and continuing through March to disrupt the spawning and survival to adulthood of the non-native trout. In addition to benefiting the native fish, a secondary purpose of the experiment is also to improve the quality of the Lee’s Ferry trout fishery by reducing the density of rainbow trout immediately below the dam. The result should be larger, healthier fish in that Lee’s Ferry stretch --- a fishery valued by the State of Arizona in the millions of dollars each year.
Finally, the experiment includes mechanical removal of non-native fish, primarily rainbow and brown trout, near the confluence of the Little Colorado River and the mainstem Colorado River. The effort will involve using electro-fishing techniques on the non-native fish and then removing them to reduce their population.
One item of special sensitivity involved the removal and death of the trout. This was of concern to the Native American tribes. The confluence of the Little Colorado and Colorado Rivers is an area that is spiritually significant to the tribes, as are the lives of the fish themselves. Through government-to-government consultations with the tribes, Reclamation, the Park Service and USGS were able to address those concerns. The Haulapai Tribe will return the trout to the earth as fertilizer in garden areas.
The fishery portion of the experimental program will take place over two years, with similar flows also taking place during January-March, 2004. The sediment portion of the experiment will take place when Paria River sediment inputs occur.
The experimental proposal has received the endorsement of the scientists who serve as the Science Review Panel to the Adaptive Management Program. The Adaptive Management Program is a collaborative effort that offers recommendations to the Department of the Interior on the operation of Glen Canyon Dam and other management actions to protect downstream resources. The program includes stakeholders representing Federal, State and Tribal governments, environmentalists, electrical power users and recreationists.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
